BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The figurative function of sentences and their secondary meanings is one of the topics discussed in the science of semantics, which is expressed in the form of a question, and considering the fact that Interrogative sentences are considered essay sentences, the purpose of Interrogatives is to obtain information and news. is. In most rhetorical books, thirty-two cases are considered as secondary objects for Interrogative sentences. The aim of the research is to find out what concepts Nizami Ganjai intended to express through the use of rhetorical questions. METHODOLOGY: In this research, which was carried out using a descriptive-analytical method and a library tool, the secondary purposes of Interrogative sentences in the poetry of Khosrow and Shirin Nizami were investigated and analyzed. FINDINGS: It should be mentioned that 446 rhetorical Interrogatives are used in the poetry of Khosrow and Shirin. The use of this volume of rhetorical questions shows the richness of themes and concepts and the rhetorical value of Khosrow and Shirin. CONCLUSION: The results of the research indicate that most of the Interrogative questions of Khosrow and Shirin contain the implicit meaning of helplessness and expression of despair, and Nizami in his poem has used all the linguistic tricks and abilities in the structure of the science of meanings well and has expressed his speech in such a way The art is decorated in such a way that the optimal use of the science of meanings has made the words of Khosrow and Shirin"s poem lasting and affecting.

Hadiqat-ul Haqiqah (the book of Walled Garden of Truth), composed by Hakim Abul-Majd Majdud ibn Adam Sana' i Ghaznavi (died around 1131), is one of the most famous mystic books. Sana' i, in order to leave impression on his reader, uses Interrogative sentences in this work. The present article tries, by studying 20 percent of 25000 verses, tries to show the uses of Interrogative sentences in the moods of denying, forbidding, reprimanding, blaming, amazing, desiring.

Background and Aim: prosody is a very important factor in communication and includes such parameters as: duration, intonation, pitch, stress, rhythm etc. Intonation is the pitch variation in one sentence. Duration is the time taken to utter a voice. The aim of the present study was to evaluate some parameters of prosody such as duration and intonation curve in Interrogative sentences among normal Farsi speaking adults in order to determine the characteristics of this aspect of language with an emphasis on laboratory testing.Methods: This study was performed as a cross-sectional one. The participants included 134 male and female Farsi speaking individuals aging between 18-30 years. In this study two Interrogative sentences with open and closed answers were used. The voice samples were analyzed by Dr.speech -real analysis software. Data analysis incorporated unilateral analysis of variance and an intonation curve was drawn for each sentence.Results: The parameter of duration among men and women was significantly different (p£0.001). Duration in open questions was significantly longer than yes/no questions (p£0.001). The intonation curves of the two groups were similar.Conclusion: Men and women use duration changes, for making difference in prosody. On the whole, duration among women is longer than men. In open questions, the duration of sentences is mostly due to the question word. The intonation curve in open questions has more amplitude. Women show much more changes in basic frequency for transferring Interrogative state in their expressions.

The oldest Persian translations and commentaries of the Holy Quran are traced back to the late 3rd century and the early 4th century AH. These works include large numbers of old and rare Persian single words and compounds. Since the authors of the translations under investigation chose Persian equivalents with meticulous care, the study of these sources is of great significance from the perspective of historical linguistics. Among the linguistic characteristics of these translations, the usage of adverbs and Interrogative particles, most of which have now lost their Interrogative function, is worthy of note. Since Persian dictionaries have not presented the Interrogative meaning of these words, the author of the present paper has tried to clarify some of these Interrogative particles as used in the texts survived.

In this study and based on mental and affective axis the Interrogative propositions have been investigated. According to results of this research, these propositions signify her quest and are crystalized in the form of love, the quest of self or searching identity, and the concern for humanity. Through this process of searching identification and in the poetic universe of Forough Farrokhzad, she asks always numerous question on the nature of love, life and herself. From affective view point, the analysis of Interrogative propositions shows that the priority of love in her both early works gradually get pale and her questions have been quantitatively and qualitatively transformed. It is worthy to note that the addressee of these propositions is an example of her mental and affective metamorphosis and this study tries to show that her addressee from personal “I” or default and presupposed addressee changes into an interpretable and generalizable pronoun to all readers and addressees. With no doubt, adopting this approach shows the great extent of Forough Farrokhzad mental and affective universe.

Currently, the major discussions in the field of Linguistics belong to Typology and Linguistic Universals. Typology is a linguistic study that analyzes the structural similarities among languages regardless of their history. This term was first applied to the categorical and comparative study of linguistic notions by a linguist named Gublentez. Typology is not merely a tool for categorizing and defining general patterns in languages. It is an approach for understanding the nature of language as well. In typological studies, attempts are made to group languages from different families in order to reach more precise studies and results. This article also consists of the same attempt. Persian is an Indo-European language, and Arabic is a Semitic one. Language Universals refer to the characteristics and features which are present in most languages worldwide. This notion is known due to the efforts of Greenberg. After analyzing 30 different languages, he proposed the notion of Language Universals. Typology and Language Universals show a strong relationship and complement each other due to the fact that typological categorization leads to the discovery of universal principles in the structure of languages. The relation between language universals and typology dates back to 1960s. From that point in history, the notion of typology is accompanied by Greenberg’ s Language Universals. Studying the order of structural elements has been one of the most important discussions in the world of Typology. That is firstly due the fact that languages have more differences in this matter and these differences are the foundation of typological studies. Secondly, according to Greenberg, between the order of fundamental parts and other structural features of language exist a typological correlation. The most important and common approach for posing a question in languages is through Interrogative words. By using Interrogative words various notions such as place, time, people, and causes are subject to inquiry. The existence of such words is universal, that is, it seems highly unlikely to find a language that does not carry Interrogative words. In typology numerous factors are analyzed, among which is understanding the movements of Interrogative words in languages. Dabirmoghadam (1393) has proposed 24 factors, and factor 22 relates to Interrogative words. Topologists have identified two main types: first is that Interrogative words replace the element of the notion which is put under question, and second, Interrogative words are placed at the beginning of a question sentence. In this study, an attempt is made to study the movement of Interrogative words in both Persian and Arabic in order to illustrate their position in the lingual typological system. In addition, the influencing factors on this movement are discussed. The method of this study is analytical-descriptive and selected pieces are from published and online materials (books, newspapers and magazines) in both languages and these pieces are from various areas ranging from social to religious, scientific, literal and so on. In the theoretical framework of the study, there are some details related to Interrogative words in both languages and a table is drawn consisting of these words in Arabic and Persian respectively. Meanwhile the movement of Interrogative words were defined that in this research it refers to the place of such words in sentences in comparison to the same declarative sentence. In the analysis, firstly some of the important views related to these words are represented; in Persian, views by Bateni (1392), Khanlari (1391), Vafai (1392), Gholamhossein Zade (1391) and Meshkataldini (1374), and in Arabic views by Sibooye (2004), Ebn al Saraj (1999), Hassan (1975), Jorjani (1982) and etc., afterwards, selected pieces which consist the basis of this research are analyzed. According to the findings of this research, Persian and Arabic fall into different types of Interrogative words movements. The tendency in Persian is to replace the element of question, while in Arabic Interrogative words come at the beginning of a question sentence. Furthermore, these two languages are compatible to the language universals they represent. With well more than chance frequency, when question particles or affixes are specified in position by reference to the sentence as a whole, if initial, such elements are found in prepositional languages, and, if final, in postpositional. Plus, if a language has dominant order “ VSO” in declarative sentences, it always puts Interrogative words or phrases first in Interrogative word questions; if it has dominant order “ SOV” in declarative sentences, there is never such an invariant rule. This conclusion is based on the analysis of cases indictive of the fact that the movement of Interrogative words to the beginning of the sentence is a strong tendency in Arabic language. As a result, Arabic language corresponds to Language Universal number 12 since this universe acknowledges the movement of Interrogative words to the beginning of a sentence in “ VSO” structures. Additionally, since Interrogative words in Arabic are among those which question the nature of a sentence, they come at the beginning of a sentence. Language universal number 9 also acknowledges Arabic language since it carries more prepositions. Furthermore, it is recognized that Interrogative words replace the element of question in a sentence. This fact shows the tendency of this language. Therefore, Persian language with the core structure of “ SOV” is in harmony with the language universal of number 12. According to this universe, the movement of Interrogative words does not tend to come at the beginning of a sentence in “ SOV” structures. The above-mentioned findings are presented in a table. Another finding of this research is that structural, semantic and processing factors have an impact on the movement of Interrogative words. For instance, in Persian the Interrogative word of “ why” usually comes at the beginning of a sentence since it put the nature of a sentence under question. However sometimes, a conflict occurs between the word “ why” and other elements such as “ interjection” on the first position of the sentence and the Interrogative word gives the space to interjectory words and comes in second. To propose another example, Interrogative words tend to occupy the first position in a sentence in Arabic, however sometimes it is observed that the element of question has occupied the first position, while the Interrogative word is in the second position. In fact, this replacement is due to the significance of the element.

This study focuses on the investigation of intelligent form-finding and vibration analysis of a triangular polyhedral tensegrity that is enclosed within a sphere and subjected to external loads. The nonlinear dynamic equations of the system are derived using the Lagrangian approach and the finite element method. The proposed form-finding approach, which is based on a basic genetic algorithm, can determine regular or irregular tensegrity shapes without dimensional constraints. Stable tensegrity structures are generated from random configurations and based on defined constraints (nodes located on the sphere, parallelism, and area of upper and lower surfaces), and shape finding is performed using the fitness function of the genetic algorithm and multi-objective optimization goals. The genetic algorithm's efficacy in determining the shape of structures with unpredictable configurations is evaluated in two distinct scenarios: one involving a known connection matrix and the other involving fixed or random member positions (struts and cables). The shapes obtained from the algorithm suggested in this study are validated using the force density approach, and their vibration characteristics are examined. The findings of the comparative study demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology in determining the vibrational behavior of tensegrity structures through the utilization of intelligent shape seeking techniques.

Arabkhaneh, a rural destrict of Nehbandan and located in South Khorasan, is among the first residence of the Arabs immigrated to Iran. Due to the distance from its actual source and adjacency with Iranian culture, the language of this region is considerably influenced by Farsi. This impact takes place on four levels: syntactic, phoneme, phonetic and semantic, with the most impact on phoneme (structure). In this article, the authors compare the structure of Interrogative sentences in standard Farsi with standard Arabic. The field data has been gathered from Khosroabad Arabkhaneh village and then analyzed and compared using typology approaches and frameworks. The results showed resemblance in the order of the elements of an Interrogative sentences and words and relocation of them. Nonetheless, since the Interrogative sentences in Farsi, Arabkhaneh dialect and standard Arabic have some resemblance, it could not be hypothesized that the number of Interrogatives in Arabkhaneh dialect has been influenced by Farsi.

The present study has investigated the speech acts in the Interrogative sentences in Salman Savoji's poetry in a descriptiveanalytical method. The research findings show that there is a coherent link between Salman's language and his thought i. e. the poet uses language appropriate to his audiences’,position and social status. Salman has used the most questions in his expressive acts. First, he seeks to convince the audience and attract their participation and approval. Salman uses these questions to express his views and gain the approval of the person who is eulogized. Second, he seeks to exaggerate, highlight, and emphasize the content of the speech which corresponds to the texture of the ode, the descriptions, exaggerations and imaginative praises of a eulogy. To observe the didactic aspect of his poetry, and also to maintain the high dignity of the eulogized person, Salman, in the persuasive acts, avoids the direct asking of his request. Doing so, he lowers the obligatory and reprimanding connotation of his words resulting in the audience’, s lack of willing to oppose him. Expressive acts usually have close and intertwined meanings. This conceptual affinity creates a vast network of intertwined concepts or "conceptual auras. " Therefore it becomes possible to engage the audience's feelings in reading the text and strengthen the desired effect by reinforcing the emotional richness of the words. The speaker's words are explicit and unambiguous in commissive acts, so due to the multi-layered nature of literary texts, this act has little place in poetry.